So we hope liberalism can reinvent itself yet again. The clashes of the 1960s strengthened liberal democracy, while the stifling climate in the Soviet bloc presaged its demise. Yet 20 years later it was the Soviet system that collapsed.

While Washington, Paris and Chicago were descending into chaos, Moscow and Leningrad were tranquil, and the Soviet system seemed destined to endure for ever. If you happened to be amid the riots in Washington on the day after Martin Luther King was assassinated, or in Paris in May 1968, or at the Democratic party’s convention in Chicago in August 1968, you might well have thought that the end was near. In 1968, liberal democracies seemed to be an endangered species, and even within their own borders they were rocked by riots, assassinations, terrorist attacks and fierce ideological battles. The main challenge liberalism faces today comes not from fascism or communism but from the laboratories If you think liberalism is in trouble now, just remember how much worse things were in 1918, 1938 or 1968. Liberalism has already survived three big crises – the first world war, the fascist challenge in the 1930s, and the communist challenge in the 1950s-70s. Indeed, it is the only social order that allows people to question even its own foundations. It can sustain criticism better than any other social order. Liberalism’s great advantage over other ideologies is that it is flexible and undogmatic. I eventually chose free discussion over self-censorship, thanks to my belief both in the strength of liberal democracy and in the necessity to revamp it. Due to the spread of such regimes, it is becoming increasingly dangerous to think critically about the future of our species. So should I speak my mind openly, risking that my words could be taken out of context and used by demagogues and autocrats to further attack the liberal order? Or should I censor myself? It is a mark of illiberal regimes that they make free speech more difficult even outside their borders.

Harari books